VAG Vehicle DTC

What Causes P0302 Code in Audi A4 and How to Fix?

The P0302 code in an Audi A4 indicates a cylinder 2 misfire, potentially causing rough idling and reduced performance. Solving this requires systematic troubleshooting, from spark plugs to compression checks, which might involve professional diagnostics.

1. What Does the Audi A4 P0302 Code Mean?

The Audi A4 P0302 code signifies that the engine’s cylinder number 2 is experiencing a misfire. A misfire means that there isn’t proper combustion happening in that cylinder, which can lead to a variety of performance issues. This code is triggered when the engine control unit (ECU) detects that the crankshaft isn’t accelerating as it should after the cylinder 2 is fired, meaning that the combustion process is not producing enough power.

Understanding the Impact of Cylinder Misfires

Cylinder misfires can significantly impact your Audi A4’s performance and longevity. When a cylinder misfires, unburnt fuel can enter the exhaust system, potentially damaging the catalytic converter. This not only reduces fuel efficiency but can also lead to more costly repairs down the line. Ignoring a P0302 code can lead to increased wear and tear on the engine, decreased fuel economy, and potential damage to other engine components.

Symptoms Associated with the P0302 Code

Rough idling
Reduced engine power
Hesitation during acceleration
Increased fuel consumption
Check Engine Light illumination

When to Seek Professional Help

If you’re not comfortable performing diagnostic tests or repairs yourself, it’s best to consult a professional technician. AutoExplain, with its team of expert technicians, offers remote diagnostic and programming services to help you resolve the P0302 code efficiently. You can reach out to AutoExplain via WhatsApp at (+84)967469410 or email at [email protected] for assistance.

2. What Are the Potential Causes of the P0302 Code on an Audi A4?

Several issues can trigger a P0302 code in your Audi A4. Identifying the root cause is crucial for effective repair. Here are some common culprits:

Faulty Spark Plug

A worn or damaged spark plug in cylinder 2 can cause a misfire. The spark plug is responsible for igniting the air-fuel mixture in the cylinder. If it’s not functioning correctly, combustion won’t occur, leading to a misfire. Spark plugs can degrade over time due to normal wear and tear, carbon buildup, or damage from contaminants.

Ignition Coil Issues

The ignition coil provides the high-voltage spark needed to ignite the air-fuel mixture. If the ignition coil for cylinder 2 is failing, it may not deliver a sufficient spark, resulting in a misfire. Ignition coils can fail due to heat, vibration, and electrical stress over time.

Fuel Injector Problems

A malfunctioning fuel injector can disrupt the proper air-fuel mixture in cylinder 2. If the injector is clogged, leaking, or not spraying fuel correctly, it can lead to a misfire. Fuel injectors can become clogged with deposits from fuel or fail due to electrical issues.

Vacuum Leaks

Vacuum leaks can cause an imbalance in the air-fuel mixture, leading to misfires. Leaks can occur in vacuum hoses, intake manifold gaskets, or other engine seals. Unmetered air entering the engine can lean out the mixture in cylinder 2, causing a misfire.

Compression Problems

Low compression in cylinder 2 can prevent proper combustion. This can be caused by worn piston rings, damaged valves, or a head gasket leak. Compression is essential for squeezing the air-fuel mixture to a point where it can ignite properly.

Wiring and Connector Issues

Damaged or corroded wiring and connectors can disrupt the electrical signals to the ignition coil or fuel injector. This can cause intermittent misfires or a complete failure of the cylinder.

Engine Control Unit (ECU) Malfunctions

In rare cases, a faulty ECU can cause a P0302 code. The ECU controls various engine functions, including ignition and fuel injection. If the ECU is malfunctioning, it may send incorrect signals to cylinder 2, leading to a misfire.

Diagnostic Tools and Techniques

To pinpoint the exact cause, technicians use various diagnostic tools and techniques, including:

OBD-II scanners to read diagnostic codes
Multimeters to test electrical components
Compression testers to check cylinder compression
Smoke machines to detect vacuum leaks
Fuel injector testers to evaluate injector performance

3. How to Diagnose the P0302 Code in Your Audi A4

Diagnosing the P0302 code involves a systematic approach to identify the root cause. Here’s a step-by-step guide to help you troubleshoot the issue:

Step 1: Gather Information and Tools

Before you begin, gather all necessary information about your Audi A4, including the model year, engine type, and any recent maintenance or repairs. Collect the tools you’ll need:

OBD-II scanner
Multimeter
Compression tester
Spark plug socket
Wrench set
Screwdriver set
Inspection light

Step 2: Read and Clear the Diagnostic Codes

Connect the OBD-II scanner to your Audi A4’s diagnostic port and read the stored codes. Note all codes, including any pending or historical codes. Clear the codes and take the car for a test drive to see if the P0302 code returns.

Step 3: Inspect the Spark Plug

Remove the spark plug from cylinder 2 and inspect it for signs of wear, damage, or fouling. Look for cracks in the insulator, worn electrodes, or excessive carbon buildup. Compare the spark plug with others from different cylinders to identify any abnormalities. Replace the spark plug if necessary.

Step 4: Test the Ignition Coil

Use a multimeter to test the ignition coil for cylinder 2. Check the primary and secondary resistance to ensure they are within the manufacturer’s specifications. You can also swap the ignition coil with one from another cylinder to see if the misfire moves to the new cylinder. If the misfire moves, the ignition coil is likely the problem.

Step 5: Evaluate the Fuel Injector

Listen to the fuel injector using a stethoscope or a long screwdriver to check if it’s clicking. A clicking sound indicates that the injector is firing. You can also perform a fuel injector balance test using an OBD-II scanner to compare the performance of each injector. If the fuel injector is suspected to be faulty, consider having it professionally cleaned or replaced.

Step 6: Check for Vacuum Leaks

Inspect all vacuum hoses and connections for cracks, leaks, or damage. Use a smoke machine to introduce smoke into the intake system and identify any leaks. Pay close attention to the intake manifold gasket, vacuum lines, and any other potential leak points. Repair or replace any leaking components.

Step 7: Perform a Compression Test

Use a compression tester to measure the compression in cylinder 2. Compare the reading with the manufacturer’s specifications and with the compression readings from other cylinders. Low compression can indicate worn piston rings, damaged valves, or a head gasket leak.

Step 8: Inspect Wiring and Connectors

Check the wiring and connectors leading to the ignition coil and fuel injector for cylinder 2. Look for signs of damage, corrosion, or loose connections. Repair or replace any damaged wiring or connectors.

Step 9: Test the Engine Control Unit (ECU)

If you’ve exhausted all other possibilities, the ECU may be the cause of the P0302 code. Testing the ECU requires specialized equipment and expertise, so it’s best to consult a professional technician.

Diagnostic Flowchart

Read and clear diagnostic codes
Inspect spark plug in cylinder 2:
- If worn or damaged, replace and retest
Test ignition coil:
- Check resistance and swap with another cylinder
- If misfire moves, replace ignition coil
Evaluate fuel injector:
- Listen for clicking sound or perform a balance test
- If faulty, clean or replace fuel injector
Check for vacuum leaks:
- Inspect hoses and connections
- Use smoke machine to detect leaks
- Repair or replace leaking components
Perform a compression test:
- Compare readings with manufacturer’s specifications
- If low compression, investigate further
Inspect wiring and connectors:
- Check for damage, corrosion, or loose connections
- Repair or replace damaged components
Test the Engine Control Unit (ECU):
- Consult a professional technician

alt: Audi A4 cylinder 2 spark plug comparison showing signs of damage or fouling, which can cause misfires and trigger the P0302 code.

4. What Are the Solutions for Resolving the P0302 Code on an Audi A4?

Once you’ve identified the cause of the P0302 code, you can proceed with the necessary repairs. Here are some common solutions:

Replacing a Faulty Spark Plug

If the spark plug in cylinder 2 is worn, damaged, or fouled, replace it with a new one that meets the manufacturer’s specifications. Ensure the spark plug is properly gapped before installation.

Replacing a Defective Ignition Coil

If the ignition coil for cylinder 2 is failing, replace it with a new one. Ensure the new ignition coil is compatible with your Audi A4’s engine.

Cleaning or Replacing a Malfunctioning Fuel Injector

If the fuel injector is clogged or not functioning correctly, try cleaning it with a fuel injector cleaner. If cleaning doesn’t resolve the issue, replace the fuel injector with a new one.

Repairing Vacuum Leaks

Locate and repair any vacuum leaks in the intake system. Replace damaged vacuum hoses, intake manifold gaskets, or other leaking components.

Addressing Compression Problems

If you find low compression in cylinder 2, you’ll need to address the underlying cause. This may involve repairing or replacing worn piston rings, valves, or the head gasket.

Repairing or Replacing Damaged Wiring and Connectors

Repair any damaged or corroded wiring and connectors leading to the ignition coil and fuel injector. Replace any components that are beyond repair.

Reprogramming or Replacing a Faulty ECU

If the ECU is the cause of the P0302 code, you may need to have it reprogrammed or replaced. This should be done by a qualified technician with the appropriate diagnostic tools.

Preventive Maintenance

To prevent future misfires and other engine problems, follow these preventive maintenance tips:

Regularly inspect and replace spark plugs as recommended by the manufacturer
Keep the fuel system clean by using quality fuel and fuel additives
Check and replace air filters to ensure proper airflow
Monitor engine performance and address any issues promptly

When to Consult a Professional

If you’re not comfortable performing these repairs yourself, or if you’re unsure about the diagnosis, it’s best to consult a professional technician. AutoExplain offers remote diagnostic and programming services to help you resolve the P0302 code efficiently. Contact AutoExplain via WhatsApp at (+84)967469410 or email at [email protected] for expert assistance. Our office is located at 1500 N Grant ST Sten Denver, CO 80203. Visit AutoExplain.com for more information.

5. What Are the Estimated Costs to Fix a P0302 Code on an Audi A4?

The cost to fix a P0302 code on an Audi A4 can vary depending on the underlying cause and the extent of the repairs needed. Here’s a breakdown of potential costs:

Spark Plug Replacement

Parts: $10 – $30 per spark plug
Labor: $30 – $100

Total cost: $40 – $130

Ignition Coil Replacement

Parts: $50 – $200 per ignition coil
Labor: $50 – $150

Total cost: $100 – $350

Fuel Injector Cleaning or Replacement

Cleaning: $50 – $150 (professional cleaning service)
Parts: $100 – $400 per fuel injector
Labor: $100 – $300

Total cost: $150 – $700

Vacuum Leak Repair

Parts: $10 – $100 (vacuum hoses, gaskets)
Labor: $50 – $200

Total cost: $60 – $300

Compression Problems Repair

Piston Rings: $500 – $2000 (parts and labor)
Valve Repair: $500 – $2500 (parts and labor)
Head Gasket: $300 – $1500 (parts and labor)

Total cost: $300 – $2500

Wiring and Connector Repair

Parts: $10 – $50
Labor: $50 – $200

Total cost: $60 – $250

ECU Reprogramming or Replacement

Reprogramming: $100 – $300
Replacement: $500 – $2000 (parts and labor)

Total cost: $100 – $2000

Additional Costs

Diagnostic fees: $50 – $150
Towing fees (if needed): $50 – $200

Note: These costs are estimates and can vary based on location, shop rates, and the specific parts used. Always get a detailed estimate from a qualified technician before proceeding with any repairs.

alt: Audi A4 fuel injector, essential for delivering the correct amount of fuel to cylinder 2, can cause P0302 if malfunctioning.

6. How Can Remote Diagnostics Help with the P0302 Code?

Remote diagnostics offers a convenient and efficient way to troubleshoot and resolve the P0302 code on your Audi A4. Here’s how it works and the benefits it provides:

What is Remote Diagnostics?

Remote diagnostics involves using specialized equipment and software to access your vehicle’s computer system remotely. This allows technicians to read diagnostic codes, monitor engine parameters, and even perform programming and software updates without physically being present with the vehicle.

Benefits of Remote Diagnostics

Convenience: You can get your Audi A4 diagnosed from the comfort of your home or shop, saving time and hassle.
Expertise: Access to specialized technicians with expertise in Audi vehicles.
Cost-Effective: Remote diagnostics can often be more affordable than traditional shop visits.
Quick Turnaround: Faster diagnosis and repair process, minimizing downtime.
Wide Range of Services: Remote diagnostics can include code reading, data analysis, programming, and software updates.

How AutoExplain Can Help

AutoExplain specializes in providing remote diagnostic and programming services for Audi vehicles. Our team of expert technicians can remotely access your Audi A4’s computer system to diagnose the P0302 code and recommend the appropriate repairs.

Services Offered

Diagnostic Code Reading: Remotely read and clear diagnostic codes.
Data Analysis: Monitor engine parameters to identify the root cause of the misfire.
Programming and Software Updates: Perform necessary programming and software updates to resolve the issue.
Technical Support: Provide expert guidance and support throughout the diagnostic and repair process.

How to Get Started with AutoExplain

Contact Us: Reach out to AutoExplain via WhatsApp at (+84)967469410 or email at [email protected].
Provide Vehicle Information: Share your Audi A4’s model year, engine type, and any relevant information about the issue.
Schedule a Remote Diagnostic Session: Arrange a convenient time for a remote diagnostic session.
Connect the Equipment: Follow our technician’s instructions to connect the necessary equipment to your vehicle.
Get a Diagnosis and Repair Plan: Receive a detailed diagnosis and a recommended repair plan from our expert technicians.

AutoExplain is committed to providing fast, reliable, and cost-effective remote diagnostic services to help you get your Audi A4 back on the road quickly.

7. What Tools are Needed to Fix the P0302 Code?

To effectively diagnose and repair a P0302 code on an Audi A4, you’ll need a variety of tools. Having the right equipment ensures that you can accurately identify the issue and perform the necessary repairs. Here’s a list of essential tools:

Diagnostic Tools

OBD-II Scanner: This is crucial for reading and clearing diagnostic codes. A good scanner will provide detailed information about the P0302 code and any other related codes.
Multimeter: Used to test electrical components such as ignition coils and fuel injectors. It measures voltage, current, and resistance.
Compression Tester: Essential for checking the compression in cylinder 2. Low compression can indicate serious engine problems.
Fuel Injector Tester: This tool helps you test the functionality of the fuel injector to ensure it’s spraying correctly.
Vacuum Gauge: Useful for identifying vacuum leaks, which can cause misfires.

Hand Tools

Socket Set: A comprehensive socket set with various sizes is necessary for removing and installing spark plugs, ignition coils, and other components.
Wrench Set: A set of wrenches in different sizes for various tasks around the engine.
Screwdriver Set: Both Phillips and flathead screwdrivers are needed.
Pliers: Useful for gripping, cutting, and manipulating wires and hoses.
Spark Plug Socket: A specialized socket designed for removing and installing spark plugs without damaging them.
Torque Wrench: Ensures that you tighten bolts and nuts to the manufacturer’s specified torque.

Specialty Tools

Smoke Machine: Used to detect vacuum leaks by introducing smoke into the intake system.
Fuel Pressure Tester: Helps you check the fuel pressure to ensure it’s within the correct range.
Stethoscope: Used to listen to fuel injectors to check if they are clicking, indicating they are firing.

Safety Equipment

Safety Glasses: Protect your eyes from debris and chemicals.
Gloves: Protect your hands from oil, grease, and chemicals.
Work Light: Provides adequate lighting to see what you’re doing.

Additional Supplies

Penetrating Oil: Helps loosen corroded bolts and nuts.
Electrical Contact Cleaner: Used to clean electrical connectors and improve conductivity.
Shop Rags: For cleaning up spills and keeping your work area tidy.
Anti-Seize Compound: Apply to spark plug threads to prevent them from seizing in the future.

Having these tools on hand will enable you to effectively diagnose and repair the P0302 code on your Audi A4. Remember to always follow safety precautions and consult the vehicle’s service manual for specific instructions.

8. How Does a Faulty Fuel Injector Cause the P0302 Code?

A faulty fuel injector in cylinder 2 can directly cause the P0302 code by disrupting the air-fuel mixture required for proper combustion. Here’s how a malfunctioning fuel injector leads to misfires:

Inadequate Fuel Delivery

If the fuel injector is clogged, it may not deliver enough fuel to cylinder 2. This lean condition (too much air, not enough fuel) can prevent the air-fuel mixture from igniting properly, resulting in a misfire.

Excessive Fuel Delivery

Conversely, a leaking fuel injector can deliver too much fuel to cylinder 2. This rich condition (too much fuel, not enough air) can also prevent proper combustion, leading to a misfire.

Improper Spray Pattern

A healthy fuel injector should spray fuel in a fine, atomized mist. If the injector is damaged or clogged, it may produce an uneven or dribbling spray pattern. This poor atomization can hinder proper mixing of air and fuel, leading to incomplete combustion and a misfire.

Electrical Malfunctions

The fuel injector relies on electrical signals from the ECU to open and close properly. If there are electrical issues, such as a short circuit or open circuit in the injector’s wiring, it may not function correctly. This can result in intermittent or complete failure of the injector, causing misfires.

Contamination and Clogging

Over time, fuel injectors can become clogged with deposits from fuel. These deposits can restrict fuel flow and disrupt the spray pattern, leading to misfires.

Symptoms of a Faulty Fuel Injector

Rough Idling: The engine may idle roughly due to inconsistent combustion in cylinder 2.
Reduced Engine Power: Misfires can cause a noticeable decrease in engine power and acceleration.
Poor Fuel Economy: Inefficient combustion can lead to increased fuel consumption.
Hesitation During Acceleration: The engine may hesitate or stumble when accelerating.
Check Engine Light: The P0302 code will trigger the Check Engine Light.

Testing a Fuel Injector

To determine if the fuel injector is the cause of the P0302 code, you can perform several tests:

Listening Test: Use a stethoscope or a long screwdriver to listen to the injector. A healthy injector will produce a distinct clicking sound as it opens and closes.
Resistance Test: Use a multimeter to measure the resistance of the injector. Compare the reading to the manufacturer’s specifications.
Fuel Injector Balance Test: Use an OBD-II scanner to perform a fuel injector balance test, which compares the performance of each injector.

If testing reveals that the fuel injector is faulty, it should be cleaned or replaced to resolve the P0302 code and restore proper engine performance.

9. What Role Does Compression Play in the P0302 Code?

Compression plays a critical role in the combustion process, and low compression in cylinder 2 can directly lead to the P0302 code. Here’s how compression affects engine performance and why low compression results in misfires:

Importance of Compression

Compression is the process of squeezing the air-fuel mixture inside the cylinder before ignition. This increases the temperature and pressure of the mixture, making it easier to ignite and burn efficiently. Proper compression is essential for complete combustion and optimal engine performance.

How Low Compression Causes Misfires

When compression is low in cylinder 2, the air-fuel mixture is not adequately compressed. This results in a lower temperature and pressure, making it difficult for the spark plug to ignite the mixture. The incomplete combustion leads to a misfire, triggering the P0302 code.

Common Causes of Low Compression

Worn Piston Rings: Piston rings seal the gap between the piston and the cylinder wall. If they are worn, they can’t effectively seal the cylinder, leading to compression loss.
Damaged Valves: Valves control the intake and exhaust of gases in the cylinder. If they are bent, cracked, or not sealing properly, compression can leak out.
Head Gasket Leak: The head gasket seals the cylinder head to the engine block. A damaged head gasket can allow compression to leak between cylinders or into the cooling system.
Cylinder Wall Damage: Scratches or damage to the cylinder wall can prevent the piston rings from sealing properly, resulting in compression loss.

Symptoms of Low Compression

Rough Idling: The engine may idle roughly due to inconsistent combustion in cylinder 2.
Reduced Engine Power: Misfires can cause a noticeable decrease in engine power and acceleration.
Poor Fuel Economy: Inefficient combustion can lead to increased fuel consumption.
Check Engine Light: The P0302 code will trigger the Check Engine Light.
Whistling or Hissing Noises: May indicate air escaping from the cylinder.

Performing a Compression Test

To check for low compression, you’ll need a compression tester. Here’s how to perform a compression test:

Warm up the engine to operating temperature.
Turn off the engine and remove the spark plug from cylinder 2.
Thread the compression tester into the spark plug hole.
Crank the engine for several seconds while observing the compression reading on the tester.
Compare the reading to the manufacturer’s specifications.
Repeat the test on other cylinders to compare the readings.

Low compression in cylinder 2 indicates a problem that needs to be addressed to resolve the P0302 code. Depending on the cause, repairs may involve replacing piston rings, repairing valves, or replacing the head gasket.

10. What is the Role of the ECU in the P0302 Error Code?

The Engine Control Unit (ECU) plays a crucial role in detecting and reporting the P0302 error code. The ECU is the brain of the engine management system, responsible for monitoring and controlling various engine functions, including ignition, fuel injection, and emissions.

How the ECU Detects Misfires

The ECU uses several sensors to monitor engine performance and detect misfires. The primary sensor used for misfire detection is the crankshaft position sensor (CKP). The CKP sensor monitors the speed and position of the crankshaft. When a cylinder misfires, it causes a slight deceleration of the crankshaft. The ECU detects this deceleration and identifies the misfiring cylinder based on the crankshaft’s position.

ECU Actions When a Misfire is Detected

Code Storage: When the ECU detects a misfire in cylinder 2, it stores the P0302 code in its memory.
Check Engine Light Activation: The ECU illuminates the Check Engine Light (CEL) to alert the driver to the problem.
Fuel Injector Shut-Off: In some cases, the ECU may shut off the fuel injector to the misfiring cylinder to prevent damage to the catalytic converter.
Data Logging: The ECU may log data related to the misfire, such as engine speed, load, and sensor readings. This data can be useful for diagnosing the cause of the misfire.

Potential ECU Issues Related to P0302

While the ECU is primarily a diagnostic tool in this scenario, it can sometimes be the cause of the P0302 code. Here are some potential ECU-related issues:

Faulty Misfire Detection: In rare cases, the ECU may falsely detect a misfire due to a faulty CKP sensor or internal ECU malfunction.
Incorrect Fuel Injector Control: The ECU may send incorrect signals to the fuel injector in cylinder 2, causing it to deliver too much or too little fuel.
Ignition Control Problems: The ECU may not properly control the ignition coil in cylinder 2, resulting in a weak or non-existent spark.

Diagnosing ECU Issues

Diagnosing ECU issues requires specialized equipment and expertise. Here are some steps technicians may take to diagnose an ECU-related P0302 code:

Check Sensor Readings: Verify that the CKP sensor and other engine sensors are providing accurate readings.
Perform Component Tests: Use a multimeter and other diagnostic tools to test the ignition coil, fuel injector, and other components in cylinder 2.
Inspect Wiring: Check the wiring and connectors leading to the ECU for damage or corrosion.
ECU Scan: Use a diagnostic scanner to check for any internal ECU errors or fault codes.
ECU Replacement or Reprogramming: If the ECU is found to be faulty, it may need to be replaced or reprogrammed.

If you suspect that the ECU is the cause of the P0302 code, it’s best to consult a professional technician with experience in ECU diagnostics and repair. AutoExplain offers remote diagnostic and programming services to help you resolve complex ECU issues. Contact AutoExplain via WhatsApp at (+84)967469410 or email at [email protected] for expert assistance.

FAQ About the P0302 Code

Q1: What does the P0302 code mean on an Audi A4?

The P0302 code indicates that cylinder 2 in your Audi A4 is experiencing a misfire.

Q2: Can I drive my Audi A4 with a P0302 code?

Driving with a P0302 code is not recommended, as it can cause damage to the catalytic converter and reduce fuel efficiency.

Q3: What are the most common causes of the P0302 code?

Common causes include faulty spark plugs, ignition coils, fuel injectors, vacuum leaks, and compression problems.

Q4: How do I check for a vacuum leak on my Audi A4?

You can use a smoke machine to detect vacuum leaks by introducing smoke into the intake system and observing where it escapes.

Q5: How do I test an ignition coil on my Audi A4?

Use a multimeter to check the primary and secondary resistance of the ignition coil, or swap it with another cylinder to see if the misfire moves.

Q6: Can a dirty fuel injector cause the P0302 code?

Yes, a clogged or dirty fuel injector can disrupt the proper air-fuel mixture, leading to a misfire.

Q7: What tools do I need to diagnose the P0302 code?

You’ll need an OBD-II scanner, multimeter, compression tester, spark plug socket, and wrench set.

Q8: How much does it cost to fix a P0302 code on an Audi A4?

The cost can vary depending on the cause, but common repairs range from $50 for a spark plug replacement to $700 for a fuel injector replacement.

Q9: Can AutoExplain help me diagnose the P0302 code remotely?

Yes, AutoExplain offers remote diagnostic and programming services to help you resolve the P0302 code efficiently. Contact us via WhatsApp at (+84)967469410 or email at [email protected].

Q10: Where can I find reliable technical support for my Audi A4?

AutoExplain provides expert technical support for Audi vehicles. Visit AutoExplain.com for more information or contact us directly for assistance.